Judge Ashfaq G. Chowdhury, Case Number: 24GDCV00336, Date: 2025-05-23 Tentative Ruling

Judge: Ashfaq G. Chowdhury, Case: 24GDCV00336, Date: 2025-05-23 Tentative Ruling

Hearing Date: 03/20/2025 – 8:30am
Case No. 24NNCV03633
Trial Date: UNSET
Case Name: GUISHENG XU, an individual, v. JIAQI HAN, an individual; FUZHOU LIU, an individual; YINMING LIU, an individual; FIRST STOP AUTO LLC, a California limited liability company; and DOES 1 to 10, inclusive

TENTATIVE RULING ON MOTION TO VACATE AND SET ASIDE DEFAULT AND DEFAULT JUDGMENT

RELIEF REQUESTED¿¿¿
“Defendant YINMING LIU will and hereby does move this court for an order vacating and setting aside the default entered on October 11, 2024, and subsequent default judgment entered on February 4, 2025, on the grounds:

a) the Summons and Complaint purportedly served on him by substituted service on August 27, 2024, were not properly served on him and hence the default and default judgment are void;

b) alternatively, on the grounds set forth in Code of Civil Procedure section 473.5.

A copy of Defendant’s proposed Demurrer is attached to this Motion as Exhibit “C.”

The relief requested by this Motion is based upon this Notice of Motion and Motion, the attached Memorandum of Points and Authorities, the declarations of Defendant Yinming Liu and Eugene R. Long, all pleadings and documents currently on file with the Court as well as such other oral or documentary evidence as may be presented at the time of hearing on this Motion.”

(Def. Mot. p. 2.)

PROCEDURAL

Moving Party: Defendant, Yinming Liu (Defendant or Movant)

Opposing Party: Plaintiff, Guisheng Xu

Proof of Service Timely Filed (CRC, Rule 3.1300(c)): Ok
16/21 Court Days Lapsed (CCP § 1005(b)): Ok
Proper Address (CCP § 1013, § 1013a, § 1013b): Ok

Moving Papers: Notice/Motion [filed 2/10/2025]; Amended Notice/Motion [filed 2/24/2025];

Opposition Papers: Opposition

Reply Papers: Reply

BACKGROUND

Plaintiff, Guisheng Xu, filed the instant action on 8/19/2024 against Defendants – (1) Jiaqi Han, an individual, (2) Fuzhou Liu, an individual, (3) Yinming Liu, an individual, (4) First Stop Auto LLC, a California limited liability company, and (5) Does 1 to 10, inclusive.

Entry of default was entered against all of the non-Doe Defendants on 10/11/2024.

Does 1 to 10 were dismissed from the Complaint on 10/29/2024.

On 02/04/2025, default judgment was entered against (1) Jiaqi Han, an individual, (2) Fuzhou Liu, an individual, (3) Yinming Liu, an individual, and (4) First Stop Auto LLC, a California limited liability company.

For purposes of this hearing, the Court considers Defendant, Yinming Liu’s, amended notice/motion filed on 2/24/2025 and not the earlier filed notice/motion that was filed on 2/10/2025.

ANALYSIS
Preliminary Matter

In the instant action, Plaintiff filed four proofs of substituted service on 8/29/2024 for all of the named Defendants in this action.

Moving Defendant, Yinming Liu, moves for an order to vacate and set aside the default and default judgments entered against him on the basis that he was not properly served.

Movant appears to move pursuant to CCP § 473(d), and in the alternative, § 473.5.

The Court notes that neither party’s papers is a model of clarity. For example, neither party makes clear why § 473(d) or § 473.5 is or is not the appropriate statute to move under to vacate the default/default judgment. Generally speaking, Defendant argues that service upon him was improper, and Plaintiff argues that service upon Defendant was proper. To the Court, this motion appears to be akin to a motion to quash service of summons. Either way, since Defendant’s motion does not make clear why § 473(d) or § 473.5 is the appropriate statute, and since Plaintiff did not oppose Defendant’s motion on the grounds that those two statutes are not the proper statutes, the Court will assume Defendant moved under the proper statute.

Substantive

On 8/29/2024, Plaintiff filed a proof of service of summons that alleged substituted service on Defendant, Yinming Liu, on 8/27/2024.

Defendant, Yinming Liu, argues that service upon him was not proper.

Compliance with the statutory procedures for service of process is essential to establish personal jurisdiction. (American Express Centurion Bank v. Zara (2011) 199 Cal.App.4th 383, 387.)

As to how Defendant believes that service upon him was improper is not entirely clear. Many times Defendant asserts arguments without citing legal authority. Or at times, Defendant will make reference to legal authority, but in no clear manner does Defendant explain how his argument is tied to the legal authority that he cited.

For example, Defendant first appears to argue that service upon him was not valid because Plaintiff did not personally serve him.

The argument that service was improper because Defendant was not personally served appears to be unavailing for several reasons.

First, Plaintiff’s proof of service lists service upon Defendant via substituted service; it does not list service upon Defendant via personal service.

Second, it does not appear that Defendant has to be personally served, because substituted service is an alternative to personal service.

As explained in American Express Centurion Bank v. Zara:

The Code of Civil Procedure specifies the various methods by which service may be made upon defendants who are sued as individuals.

The method described as “personal service” means service that is accomplished “by personal delivery of a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the person to be served.” (§ 415.10.) If the complaint and summons were personally delivered to, i.e., handed to, defendant then he could be said to have been “personally served.”

A defendant may also be “personally” served by delivering a copy of the summons and complaint to an agent authorized to accept service on behalf of that defendant. (§ 416.90; see Weil & Brown, Cal. Practice Guide: Civil Procedure Before Trial (The Rutter Group 2011) ¶¶ 4:128 to 4:132, pp. 4–19 to 4–21; (rev. # 1, 2010) ¶ 4:184, p. 4–27 (rev. # 1, 2004) (hereafter Weil & Brown, Civil Procedure Before Trial).) An authorized agent might include, for example, an attorney who has been expressly authorized to accept service, or a sheriff or jailer having custody of a prisoner. (Weil & Brown, Civil Procedure Before Trial, supra, ¶ 4:128, p. 4–19, ¶¶ 4:130.2, 4:132, pp. 4–20 to 4–21.)

Another alternative available for serving individual defendants is what is commonly known as “substitute service.” Substitute service on an individual is accomplished by “leaving a copy of the summons and complaint **103 at the person's dwelling house, usual place of abode, usual place of business, or usual mailing address other than a United States Postal Service post office box, in the presence of a competent member of the household or a person apparently in charge of his or her office, place of business, or usual mailing address ..., at least 18 years of age, who shall be informed of the contents thereof, and by thereafter mailing a copy of the summons and of the complaint by first-class mail, postage prepaid to the person to be served at the place where a copy of the summons and complaint were left.” (§ 415.20, subd. (b).)

However, an individual may be served by substitute service only after a good faith effort at personal service has first been made: the burden is on the plaintiff to show that the summons and complaint “cannot with reasonable diligence be personally delivered” to the individual defendant. (§ 415.20, subd. (b); Evartt v. Superior Court (1979) 89 Cal.App.3d 795, 801, 152 Cal.Rptr. 836.) Two or three attempts to personally serve a defendant at a proper place ordinarily qualifies as “ ‘reasonable diligence.’ ” (Weil & Brown, Civil Procedure Before Trial, supra, ¶ 4:196, p. 4–30.)

(American Express Centurion Bank v. Zara (2011) 199 Cal.App.4th 383, 389.)

Thus, Defendant’s argument that service was improper because he was not personally served is unavailing.

Substituted Service – Usual Place of Business

The proof of service pertaining to Defendant, Yinming Liu, states that Defendant was substitute served at “314 E Garvey Ave Monterey Park, CA 91755.”

Further, Plaintiff’s proof of service checks a box for substituted service via business to “a person at least 18 years of age apparently in charge at the office or usual place of business of the person to be served.” The proof of service also indicates that the documents were left with “Jane Doe – Angela, refused last name (Gender: F Age: 35 Height : 6’0” Weight: 120 Race: Asian American Hair: Black Other: Hazel Eyes) Manager.”

Under CCP § 415.20(b), substitute service is effectuated when:

If a copy of the summons and complaint cannot with reasonable diligence be personally delivered to the person to be served, as specified in Section 416.60, 416.70, 416.80, or 416.90, a summons may be served by leaving a copy of the summons and complaint at the person’s dwelling house, usual place of abode, usual place of business, or usual mailing address other than a United States Postal Service post office box, in the presence of a competent member of the household or a person apparently in charge of his or her office, place of business, or usual mailing address other than a United States Postal Service post office box, at least 18 years of age, who shall be informed of the contents thereof, and by thereafter mailing a copy of the summons and of the complaint by first-class mail, postage prepaid to the person to be served at the place where a copy of the summons and complaint were left. Service of a summons in this manner is deemed complete on the 10th day after the mailing.

(CCP § 415.20(b).)

Defendant appears to be arguing that substitute service was not proper under § 415.20(b) because he was not served at his “usual place of business,” and because service was not left with “a person apparently in charge of his or her office, place of business, or usual mailing address.”

Attached to the motion, the declaration of Defendant Yinming Liu is attached.

In relevant part, Liu’s declaration states:

2. Plaintiff Guisheng Xu, states that service of a Summons and Complaint was affected [sic] by substitute service on me on August 27, 2024. Plaintiff claims that substitute service was made by serving on one Jane Doe – “Angela” -- who refused to provide her last name, who held a position as a “Manager.” I do not know this individual nor do I have any personal or business relationship with her.

3. The address of 314 Garvey Avenue Monterey Park, CA 91755 is a small building with several businesses at that location, and it is not my place of business. The building does not have any front desk person or onsite management office. The corporate defendant First Stop Auto LLC is a dormant entity with no revenue, employees, or operations. It does not have any manager, employees, or representatives at that address.

4. I first became aware of this lawsuit on January 2, 2025, upon receipt of a WeChat message from defendant Fuzhou Liu. A review of the lawsuit revealed that it concerns a dispute concerning an unpaid loan of $50,000 between two individuals, Plaintiff and Mr. Fuzhou Liu. It has nothing to do with me as an individual or the corporate defendant, First Stop Auto LLC.

5. On February 4, 2025, I appeared at the Court and sought to express my position to the Court. The Court advised me that it cannot give me any legal advice and the only advice to me was to retain a lawyer to file a motion for relief. Accordingly, I have retained the law firm of WHGC, PLC to file this Motion.

(Liu Decl. ¶¶ 2-5.)

To the extent that Defendant is arguing that substitute service was not proper under § 415.20(b) because he was not served at his “usual place of business,” Defendant’s declaration appears to address this in ¶ 3 of the Liu declaration wherein Liu states, “The address of 314 Garvey Avenue Monterey Park, CA 91755 is a small building with several businesses at that location, and it is not my place of business.” (Liu Decl. ¶ 3.)

In Opposition, Plaintiff argues that Defendant Yinming Liu was in fact properly substitute served at his “usual place of business.” Plaintiff argues that Liu is making misrepresentations to the Court and that the 314 Garvey address is in fact Liu’s “usual place of business.”

To support this argument, Plaintiff attaches the declaration of Plaintiff’s attorney (Tom F.Y. King), along with Exhibits A-E cited in King’s declaration.

King states as follows:

2. In or about August 2024, I searched, downloaded, and printed a statement of information filed with California Secretary of State filed by Yinming Liu on behalf First Stop Auto LLC on August 13, 2024. Attached hereto as Exhibit A is a true and correct copy of the statement of information I obtained from California Secretary of State website. It shows Yingming Liu as the CEO, member, manager, and agent for service of process of First Stop Auto LLC, located at 314 E Garvey Ave, Monterey Park, CA 91755.

3. Previously, before Yinming Liu filed the August 13, 2024 statement, I also searched and download a statement of information Yinming Liu filed with California Secretary of State the year before on July 5, 2023, which also shows Yinming Liu as the CEO, member, manager, and agent for service of process of First Stop Auto LLC located at 314 E Garvey Ave, Monterey Park, CA 91755. A true and correct copy of said statement is attached hereto as Exhibit B.

4. In January 2025, after the three individual defendants appeared in court to try to argue their case on January 16, 2025, I searched, found, and download from California Secretary of State website a statement of information filed by Yinming Liu on January 3, 2025 moving the company address to 797 E Arrow Hwy, Azusa, CA 91702, a copy of which is attached hereto as Exhibit C. I also found and downloaded a statement of information filed on January 16, 2025 by co-defendants Jiaqi Han moving the company address back to 314 E Garvey Ave, Monterey Park, CA 91755 and removing Yinming Liu's name from the company. A true and correct copy of said statement is attached hereto as Exhibit D.

5. As a result of the two successively filed statement of information First Stop Auto LLC filed with California Secretary of State in January 2025, all previously filed statement of information were purged from the public record. I inquired on this matter online and discovered that it is the policy of California Secretary of State to only keep the two most recently filed statement of information for an entity for public record. Attached hereto are search results from Google based on the search terms "California Secretary of State purging prior statement of information." The search result shows a general result followed by links to specific webpage results. Attached hereto as Exhibit E is a page from the general search result and a specific search results from California Secretary of State website.

(King Decl. ¶¶ 2-5.)

However, even assuming the truth of King’s declaration and the attached exhibits, Plaintiff’s argument is not on point and appears to miss the mark.

For example, to the extent that the California Secretary of State lists Yinming Liu as manager, member, CEO, and agent for service of process at the 314 E Garvey address, that information is applicable to First Stop Auto LLC. That information says nothing about the Defendant as an individual that is filing the instant motion. The instant proof of service that Defendant is arguing is improper is the proof of service as to the individual, Yinming Liu. Yinming Liu is arguing that the 314 address is not his usual place of business. At best, the information attached from the California Secretary of State would maybe seem to indicate that Yinming Liu could accept service at the 314 E Garvey address for First Stop Auto LLC since he was listed as agent of service of process for First Stop Auto LLC. However, to reiterate, that information says nothing about where Yinming Liu, the individual’s usual place of business is. At best, it may show where First Stop Auto LLC’s usual place of business is. Ultimately, First Stop Auto LLC is not moving to vacate default/quash service of summons. Here, moving Defendant is Yinming Liu the individual.

At best, maybe the successive filings with the Secretary of State tests Liu’s credibility for changing the address of First Stop Auto LLC and changing the name of the agent for service of process. However, again, even assuming there were bad faith, the Court fails to see how Plaintiff’s arguments addresses the usual place of business of the moving Defendant, Yinming Liu, the individual.

Despite all this, in Defendant’s Reply Defendant confusingly argues that even if 314 E Garvey were Liu’s place of business, service was not proper because the crucial question is whether service was proper where Plaintiff served an unknown individual at a location that housed several other businesses where there is no indication that the individual ever informed Liu of service.

Therefore, the Court will hear argument from the parties about the “usual place of business” of Defendant.

Substituted Service – Person Apparently in Charge of his or her office, place of business

The proof of service pertaining to Defendant, Yinming Liu, states that Defendant was substitute served at “314 E Garvey Ave Monterey Park, CA 91755.”

Under CCP § 415.20(b), substitute service is effectuated when:

(CCP § 415.20(b).)

Defendant argues that the individual who was served on Defendant’s behalf is not an individual with whom Liu had any personal or business relationship.

Further, in relevant part, Liu’s declaration states:

2. Plaintiff Guisheng Xu, states that service of a Summons and Complaint was affected [sic]by substitute service on me on August 27, 2024. Plaintiff claims that substitute service was made by serving on one Jane Doe – “Angela” -- who refused to provide her last name, who held a position as a “Manager.” I do not know this individual nor do I have any personal or business relationship with her.

(Liu Decl. ¶¶ 2-5.)

Defendant’s argument – that the individual who was served on Defendant’s behalf is not an individual with whom Liu had any personal or business relationship – is confusing because it isn’t entirely clear what portion of § 415.20(b) Defendant is arguing that Plaintiff did not comply with.

Presumably, Defendant is trying to argue that “Jane Doe – Angela” was not “a person apparently in charge of his or her office, place of business,” and thus service was improper. Defendant’s declaration does not state that Jane Does/Angela was not “a person apparently in charge of his or her office or place of business” in any explicit terms. Instead, the Liu declaration states in relevant part, “I do not know this individual nor do I have any personal or business relationship with her.” (Liu Decl. ¶ 2.)

In Opposition, Plaintiff does not address Defendant’s argument regarding the individual that was allegedly served in any clear manner. Plaintiff’s Opposition seems to mainly contest that 314 E Garvey was in fact the usual place of business of Defendant. It seems like Plaintiff attempts to argue that Defendant is not credible based on the filing with the secretary of state because Defendant would know the people at the 314 E Garvey address because it is his address.

In Reply, Defendant argues that the key issue here is that Plaintiff served an unknown individual that housed several other businesses where there is no indication that the individual ever informed Liu of the service.

Here, the Court will hear argument. Defendant appears to be arguing, although not explicitly stated in Defendant’s motion or Defendant’s declaration, that “Jane Doe – Angela” was not a person apparently in charge of his or her office, or place of business. Opposition does not do much to contest this argument. Plaintiff’s Opposition seems to just be implying that Defendant would in fact know who Angela is because the 314 Garvey address is Defendant’s business. The Reply reiterates that Defendant has no idea who Angela is and that there is no evidence to suggest that she worked with or for Liu.

473.5

Under CCP § 473.5(a):

When service of a summons has not resulted in actual notice to a party in time to defend the action and a default or default judgment has been entered against him or her in the action, he or she may serve and file a notice of motion to set aside the default or default judgment and for leave to defend the action. The notice of motion shall be served and filed within a reasonable time, but in no event exceeding the earlier of: (i) two years after entry of a default judgment against him or her; or (ii) 180 days after service on him or her of a written notice that the default or default judgment has been entered.

(CCP § 473.5(a).)

Defendant argues that the Summons and Complaint did not result in actual notice to Liu for Liu to defend the action.

However, the Court notes that neither party’s arguments regarding § 473.5 adds any further substance to their arguments. Plaintiff’s arguments that Defendant did in fact have notice are based on the same arguments previously discussed, i.e., Plaintiff argues that Defendant is lying and in fact had notice because Defendant is/was CEO of First Stop Auto LLC which is located at 314 E Garvey.

Overall

Dill v. Berquist Construction Co. states:

It has been held that the filing of a proof of service creates a rebuttable presumption that the service was proper. (M. Lowenstein & Sons, Inc. v. Superior Court (1978) 80 Cal.App.3d 762, 770 [145 Cal.Rptr. 814], quoting from Judicial Council Rep., supra, com. to § 417.10, p. 56; but see Johnson & Johnson v. Superior Court (1985) 38 Cal.3d 243, 255, fn. 7 [211 Cal.Rptr. 517, 695 P.2d 1058], overruling Lowenstein on a related issue.) However, that presumption arises only if the proof of service complies with the statutory requirements regarding such proofs.

(Dill v. Berquist Construction Co. (1994) 24 Cal.App.4th 1426, 1441-1442.)

Here, Defendant appears to have shown how Plaintiff’s proof of service as to moving Defendant did not comply with the statutory requirements for proof of substituted service. Defendant appears to have shown this by showing that the location served was not his usual place of business. Plaintiff’s argument in Opposition appeared to be unavailing because at best Plaintiff may have shown that the address served was First Stop Auto LLC’s usual place of business; however, First Stop Auto LLC is not seeking to vacate the default/default judgment. Here, moving Defendant is Yinming Liu. Plaintiff did not submit proof or evidence about Yinming Liu, the individual’s, usual place of business. Even setting aside the issue of “usual place of business” and focusing on whether or not a “person apparently in charge of his or her office or place of business” was served, Defendant seems to argue that he had no idea who the person is that Plaintiff served. In Opposition, Plaintiff simply seems to argue that Defendant is lying and Defendant would know who was served because the location served was where Defendant’s business was located.

Dill v. Berquist Construction Co. states, “In the absence of a voluntary submission to the authority of the court, compliance with the statutes governing service of process is essential to establish that court’s personal jurisdiction over a defendant. When a defendant challenges that jurisdiction by bringing a motion to quash, the burden is on the plaintiff to prove the existence of jurisdiction by proving, inter alia, the facts requisite to an effective service.” (Dill v. Berquist Construction Co. (1994) 24 Cal.App.4th 1426, 1439-1440.)

Tentatively, the Court plans to GRANT, Defendant Yinming Liu’s motion to vacate the default and default judgment entered against Yinming Liu. The Court notes that this order does not apply to the other Defendants, as no other Defendants moved to vacate default/judgment.

Case Number: 24GDCV00336 Hearing Date: May 23, 2025 Dept: E

Hearing Date: 05/23/2025 – 8:30am
Case No. 24GDCV00336
Trial Date: UNSET
Case Name: ALBERTO DEVORA v. SELECT PORTFOLIO SERVICING, INC.; and DOES 1-10, inclusive

3 TENTATIVE RULINGS ON MOTION TO COMPEL FURTHER RESPONSES

BACKGROUND

Plaintiff, Alberto Devora, filed his verified complaint on 2/22/2024 alleging five causes of action for: (1) Violation of Civ. Code § 2923.5; (2) Violation of Civ. Code § 2923.7; (3) Violation of Civ. Code § 2924.9; (4) Violation of Civ. Code § 2924.10; and (5) Unfair Business Practices, Violation of Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200, et seq.

The instant action pertains to alleged violations pertaining to a foreclosure.

On 6/13/2024, this Court overruled Defendant’s demurrer to the Complaint.

On 4/11/2025, this Court granted Plaintiff’s counsel’s motion to be relieved as counsel.

Defendant, Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc. (Defendant or SPS), has three motions on calendar for 5/23/2025.

For Motion 1, (Res ID 8426), Defendant moves for an order compelling Plaintiff to provide further responses to Defendant’s Form Interrogatories No. 17.1 and for sanctions in the amount of $3,590 against Plaintiff for the attorneys’ fees and costs incurred by Defendant in connection with this motion. Defendant moves for further responses pursuant to CCP § 2030.300. Defendant requests sanctions against Plaintiff pursuant to CCP §§ 2023.010, 2023.030, and 2030.300.

For Motion 2, (Res ID 9040), Defendant moves for an order compelling Plaintiff to provide further responses to Defendant’s Request for Production of Documents, Numbers 1-18, and for sanctions in the amount of $3,590 against Plaintiff for the attorneys’ fees and costs incurred by Defendant in connection with this motion. Defendant moves for further responses pursuant to CCP § 2031.310. Defendant requests sanctions against Plaintiff pursuant to CCP § 2023.010, 2023.030, and 2030.300.

For Motion 3, (Res ID 7005), Defendant moves for an order compelling Plaintiff to provide further responses to Defendant’s Special Interrogatories, Set One, and for sanctions in the amount of $3,590 against Plaintiff for the attorneys’ fees and costs incurred by Defendant in connection with this motion. Defendant moves for further responses pursuant to CCP § 2030.300. Defendant requests sanctions against Plaintiff pursuant to CCP § 2023.010, 2023.030, and 2030.300.

Motions 1 and 2 were initially on calendar for 5/15/2025, but at the 5/14/2025 Status Conference they were continued to 5/23/2025 to be heard with Motion 3.

PROCEDURAL – ALL MOTIONS

Moving Party: Defendant, Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc.

Responding Party: No opposition submitted by Plaintiff

Moving Papers: For each motion, Defendant submitted a Notice/Motion, Separate Statement, Hernandez Declaration, Proposed Order, and a Proof of Service

Opposing Papers: No opposition submitted by Plaintiff

Reply Papers: No reply submitted

Proof of Service Timely Filed (CRC, Rule 3.1300(c)): Ok

16/21 Court Days Lapsed (CCP § 1005(b)): Ok

Correct Address (CCP § 1013, § 1013a, § 1013b): Uncertain – The instant three motions, and their accompanying papers, were served to Plaintiff via mail at 241 Thompson Avenue, Glendale, CA 91201. The address that Plaintiff was served at matches the address listed on eCourt for Plaintiff. However, since no opposition was filed, and since Plaintiff’s counsel was recently relieved, the Court would like to hear argument as to how Plaintiff’s mailing address was determined.

Meet and Confer
“A motion under subdivision (a) shall be accompanied by a meet and confer declaration under Section 2016.040.” (CCP § 2030.300(b)(1).)

“The motion shall be accompanied by a meet and confer declaration under Section 2016.040.” (CCP § 2031.310(b)(2).)

Here, Defendant’s counsel met and conferred before filing these three motions. (See Hernandez Decl. ¶ 7 for Motion 1; Hernandez Decl. ¶ 9 for Motion 2; and Hernandez Decl. ¶ 8 for Motion 3.)

45-Day Requirement
“Unless notice of this motion is given within 45 days of the service of the verified response, or any supplemental verified response, or on or before any specific later date to which the propounding party and the responding party have agreed in writing, the propounding party waives any right to compel a further response to the interrogatories.” (CCP § 2030.300(c).)

“Unless notice of this motion is given within 45 days of the service of the verified response, or any supplemental verified response, or on or before any specific later date to which the demanding party and the responding party have agreed in writing, the demanding party waives any right to compel a further response to the demand.” (CCP § 2031.310(c).)

Here, the parties agreed that the last day to bring these motions would be April 20, 2025. (See Hernandez Decl. ¶ 11 for Motion 1; Hernandez Decl. ¶ 13 for Motion 2; Hernandez Decl. ¶ 12 for Motion 3.) Since these motions were filed and served on 4/18/2025, they are timely.

LEGAL STANDARD - COMPEL FURTHER RESPONSES TO INTERROGATORIES

Under CCP § 2017.010, “any party may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not privileged, that is relevant to the subject matter involved in the pending action..., if the matter either is itself admissible in evidence or appears reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.” (CCP § 2017.010.) The Section specifically provides that “[d]iscovery may relate to the claim or defense of the party seeking discovery or of any other party to the action,” and that discovery “may be obtained of the identity and location of persons having knowledge of any discoverable matter, as well as of the existence, description, nature, custody, condition and location of any document, electronically stored information, tangible thing, or land or other property.” (Id.)

On receipt of a response to interrogatories, the propounding party may move for an order compelling a further response if the propounding party deems that any of the following apply:

(1) An answer to a particular interrogatory is evasive or incomplete.

(2) An exercise of the option to produce documents under Section 2030.230 is unwarranted or the required specification of those documents is inadequate.

(3) An objection to an interrogatory is without merit or too general.

(CCP § 2030.300(a).)

If a timely motion to compel has been filed, the¿burden is on the responding party¿to justify any objection or failure fully to answer.¿(Coy v. Superior Court of Contra Costa County (1962) 58 Cal.2d 210, 220–221 [addressing a motion to compel further responses to interrogatories]; see also¿Fairmont Ins. Co. v. Superior Court¿(2000) 22 Cal.4th 245, 255.)

“While the party propounding interrogatories may have the burden of filing a motion to compel if it finds the answers it receives unsatisfactory, the burden of justifying any objection and failure to respond remains at all times with the party resisting an interrogatory.” (Williams v. Superior Court (2017) 3 Cal.5th 531, 541 citing Coy v. Superior Court (1962) 58 Cal.2d 210, 220-221.)

Furthermore, to the extent there is any doubt in whether these records should be discoverable, California’s liberal approach to discovery provides that doubt should be resolved in favor of permitting discovery. (Pacific Tel. & Tel. Co. v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d 161, 173.)

The party to whom interrogatories have been propounded shall respond in writing under oath separately to each interrogatory by any of the following:

(1) An answer containing the information sought to be discovered.

(2) An exercise of the party’s option to produce writings.

(3) An objection to the particular interrogatory.

(CCP § 2030.210(a).)

LEGAL STANDARD – COMPEL FURTHER – REQUESTS FOR PRODUCTION

CCP § 2031.310(a) provides that a party demanding a document inspection may move for an order compelling further responses to the demand if the demanding party deems that:

(1) A statement of compliance with the demand is incomplete.

(2) A representation of inability to comply is inadequate, incomplete, or evasive.

(3) An objection in the response is without merit or too general.

(CCP § 2031.310(a).)

Under CCP § 2031.310 (b)(1), “The motion shall set forth specific facts showing good cause justifying the discovery sought by the demand.” (Ibid.)

“In the more specific context of a demand for production of a tangible thing, the party who asks the trial court to compel production must show “good cause” for the request—but unless there is a legitimate privilege issue or claim of attorney work product, that burden is met simply by a fact-specific showing of relevance.” (TBG Ins. Services Corp. v. Superior Court (2002) 96 Cal.App.4th 443, 448.)

TENATIVE RULING MOTION 1

For Motion 1, Defendant moves to compel further responses to Form Interrogatory (FROG) 17.1.

FROG 17.1 states:

Is your response to each request for admission served with these interrogatories an unqualified admission? If not, for each response that is not an unqualified admission:

(a) state the number of the request;

(b) state all facts upon which you base your response;

(d) identify all DOCUMENTS and other tangible things that support your response and state the name, ADDRESS, and telephone number of the PERSON who has each DOCUMENT or thing.

(FROG 17.1)

Plaintiff denied RFAs 5, 8, 11, 12, 17, 19, and 21; however, Plaintiff responded to FROG 17.1 with, “Objection, Overbroad, unduly burdensome, unduly redundant to other discovery, oppressive, calls for narrative. Discovery has only just begun.” (FROG 17.1 response.)

Here, Plaintiff has not filed an opposition to this motion, thus Plaintiff has not justified his objections.

Defendant’s motion to compel further responses to Form Interrogatory 17.1, Set One, is GRANTED. Plaintiff is ordered to provide further, code-compliant, verified responses within ten (10) days of this Court’s order.

TENTATIVE RULING MOTION 2

For Motion 2, Defendant moves to compel further responses to Defendant’ Request for Production of Documents [RFPs], Numbers 1-18.

For each of the 18 RFPs, Plaintiff responded with:

Responding Party is unable to comply with this Request because no such documents exist. A diligent search and a reasonable inquiry have been made in an effort to comply with this demand.

(See Def. Sep. Stmt. RFPs 1-18.)

Here, Defendant demonstrated good cause because the requests at issue appear to be relevant.

Under CCP § 2031.230:

A representation of inability to comply with the particular demand for inspection, copying, testing, or sampling shall affirm that a diligent search and a reasonable inquiry has been made in an effort to comply with that demand. This statement shall also specify whether the inability to comply is because the particular item or category has never existed, has been destroyed, has been lost, misplaced, or stolen, or has never been, or is no longer, in the possession, custody, or control of the responding party. The statement shall set forth the name and address of any natural person or organization known or believed by that party to have possession, custody, or control of that item or category of item.

(CCP § 2031.230.)

Here, the Court finds Plaintiff’s responses to RFPs 1-18 to be evasive.

Although the responses indicate that “no such documents exist,” the responses do not comply with CCP § 2031.230 because they do not “specify whether the inability to comply is because the particular item or category has never existed, has been destroyed, has been lost, misplaced, or stolen, or has never been, or is no longer, in the possession, custody, or control of the responding party.”

Further, under CCP § 2031.230, “The statement shall set forth the name and address of any natural person or organization known or believed by that party to have possession, custody, or control of that item or category of item.” (Ibid.)

Defendant’s motion to compel further responses to Defendant’s Request for Production of Documents, Numbers 1-18, is GRANTED. Plaintiff is ordered to provide verified, code-compliant, further responses within ten (10) days of this Court’s order.

TENTATIVE RULING MOTION 3

For Motion 3, the Court to hear argument.

As a preliminary matter, Defendant’s notice page simply indicates that Defendant seeks to compel further responses to Special Interrogatories (SROGs), Set One. Defendant’s notice page does not indicate which specific SROGs it seeks further responses for.

The Court is not entirely clear which specific SROGs Defendant seeks to compel further responses to.

Defendant’s Separate Statement makes clear that it seeks further responses for SROGS: 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 19.

However, Defendant’s Separate Statement also seeks to compel further response for SROG 2 “(second No. 2; should be No. 5).” Here, the Court has no idea what Defendant means by this. Is Defendant seeking to compel further response for SROG 2 or SROG 5? Defendant’s “Conclusion” section in the motion refers to SROG 5 “(erroneously numbered 2).” Who erroneously numbered the SROG? Is the response by the Plaintiff erroneously numbered, or is the SROG erroneously numbered as Defendant propounded it on Plaintiff. The Court needs to know exactly how it was labeled as propounded on Plaintiff so it can provide a clear ruling to all parties.

Ordinarily, the Court would be able to look to Defendant’s counsel’s declaration that shows what discovery was actually propounded on the other party. However, in Defendant’s counsel’s (Hernandez) declaration, Hernandez does not attach the discovery that is at issue for this motion. In fact, Hernandez attached Requests for Production (Exhibit 1) and Responses to Requests for Production (Exhibit 2). This motion pertains to Special Interrogatories, not Requests for Production.

Here, Plaintiff has provided responses, but Defendant seems to find these responses incomplete and evasive. Since Plaintiff has not provided opposition to this motion to justify the responses that Defendant finds unsatisfactory, the Court tentatively plans to grant Defendant’s Motion 3.

The Court to hear argument.

TENTATIVE RULING – SANCTIONS – ALL MOTIONS

“The court shall impose a monetary sanction under Chapter 7 (commencing with Section 2023.010) against any party, person, or attorney who unsuccessfully makes or opposes a motion to compel a further response to interrogatories, unless it finds that the one subject to the sanction acted with substantial justification or that other circumstances make the imposition of the sanction unjust.” (CCP § 2030.300(d).)

“Except as provided in subdivision (j), the court shall impose a monetary sanction under Chapter 7 (commencing with Section 2023.010) against any party, person, or attorney who unsuccessfully makes or opposes a motion to compel further response to a demand, unless it finds that the one subject to the sanction acted with substantial justification or that other circumstances make the imposition of the sanction unjust.” (CCP § 2031.310(h).)

“The court may award sanctions under the Discovery Act in favor of a party who files a motion to compel discovery, even though no opposition to the motion was filed, or opposition to the motion was withdrawn, or the requested discovery was provided to the moving party after the motion was filed.” (Cal. Rules of Court, Rule 3.1348(a).)

For Motion 1, Defendant’s counsel requests a total of $3,590.00 in sanctions against Plaintiff for Plaintiff failing to provide supplemental responses and abusing the discovery process. Defendant’s counsel requests sanctions as follows:

12. I have an hourly rate of $500.00 per hour. I have practiced as a litigation attorney since 2017. The litigation hourly rate of $500.00/hour is reasonable given my experience and length of practice in Orange County.

13. My colleague Artin Betpera, is an attorney duly admitted to practice before this Court. He is a shareholder at Buchalter, a Professional Corporation, and also counsel of record for SPS. Mr. Betpera has an hourly rate of $850.00 per hour. He has practiced as a litigation attorney since 2006. The litigation hourly rate of $850.00/hour is reasonable given his experience and length of practice in Orange County.

14. I spent approximately 5.5 hours to research, draft, and prepare the instant Motion, and corresponding Separate Statement and Declaration. Mr. Betpera spent approximately .4 hours to review and revise the instant Motion. Thus, SPS has incurred $3,590 attorney’s fees in bringing this Motion.

15. I anticipate I will spend no less than 1 hour at the subject hearing, for an additional $500.00 in attorney’s fees incurred by SPS.

(Hernandez Decl. ¶¶ 12-15.)

For Motion 2, Defendant’s counsel requests a total of $3,590 in sanctions against Plaintiff for Plaintiff failing to provide supplemental responses and abusing the discovery process. Defendant’s counsel requests sanctions as follows:

14. I have an hourly rate of $500.00 per hour. I have practiced as a litigation attorney since 2017. The litigation hourly rate of $500.00/hour is reasonable given my experience and length of practice in Orange County.

15. My colleague Artin Betpera, is an attorney duly admitted to practice before this Court. He is a shareholder at Buchalter, a Professional Corporation, and also counsel of record for SPS. Mr. Betpera has an hourly rate of $850.00 per hour. He has practiced as a litigation attorney since 2006. The litigation hourly rate of $850.00/hour is reasonable given his experience and length of practice in Orange County.

16. I spent approximately 5.5 hours to research, draft, and prepare the instant Motion. Mr. Betpera spent approximately 0.4 hours to review and revise the instant Motion. Thus, SPS has incurred $ in attorney’s fees in bringing this Motion.

17. I anticipate I will spend no less than 1 hour at the subject hearing, for an additional $500.00 in attorney’s fees incurred by SPS.

(Hernandez Decl. ¶¶ 14-17.)

For Motion 3, Defendant’s counsel requests a total of $3,590 in sanctions against Plaintiff for Plaintiff failing to provide supplemental responses and abusing the discovery process. Defendant’s counsel requests sanctions as follows:

13. I have an hourly rate of $500.00 per hour. I have practiced as a litigation attorney since 2017. The litigation hourly rate of $500.00/hour is reasonable given my experience and length of practice in Orange County.

14. My colleague Artin Betpera, is an attorney duly admitted to practice before this Court. He is a shareholder at Buchalter, a Professional Corporation, and also counsel of record for SPS. Mr. Betpera has an hourly rate of $850.00 per hour. He has practiced as a litigation attorney since 2006. The litigation hourly rate of $850.00/hour is reasonable given his experience and length of practice in Orange County.

15. I spent approximately 5.5 hours to research, draft, and prepare the instant Motion. Mr. Betpera spent approximately 0.4 hours to review and revise the instant Motion. Thus, SPS has incurred $3,590 in attorney’s fees in bringing this Motion.

16. I anticipate I will spend no less than 1 hour at the subject hearing, for an additional $500.00 in attorney’s fees incurred by SPS.

(Hernandez Decl. ¶¶ 13-16.)

Here, the Court will hear argument.

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