Judge: Mark H. Epstein, Case: 21STCV06700, Date: 2024-12-20 Tentative Ruling
If the parties wish to submit on the tentative ruling and avoid a court appearance on the matter, the moving party must contact the opposing party and all other parties who have appeared in the action and confirm that each will submit on the tentative ruling. Please call the court no later than 4:30 p.m. on the court day before the hearing, leave a message with the court clerk at (310) 260-3629 advising her that all parties will submit on the tentative ruling and waive hearing, and finally, serve notice of the Court's ruling on all parties entitled to receive service. If any party declines to submit on the tentative ruling, then no telephone call is necessary, and all parties should appear at the hearing.
Case Number: 21STCV06700 Hearing Date: December 20, 2024 Dept: I
The motions to compel are GRANTED. Plaintiff filed this action alleging personal
injuries. He served discovery on April
4, 2024. Defendant responded on May 16,
2024, but plaintiff believed the responses were not adequate. They met and conferred and the parties agreed
to extend the time in which plaintiff could bring the instant motion to October
21, 2024. Defendant did not serve
supplemental responses, however, nor did defendant produce the documents in
their native format. Plaintiff seeks to
compel further responses. Defendant
opposes claiming that supplemental responses to special interrogatories and the
RFAs were served on December 11, 2024 (the day before the opposition). Further, photographs in JPEG format were also
provided. The defense argues that the
motions are therefore moot. There is
some debate as to whether supplemental responses filed after a discovery motion
moot the motion. (They do not moot a
claim for sanctions, but that is not at issue here.) Some courts agree that the supplemental
responses moot the motion; other courts believe that such is not the case. This court tends to fall in the latter camp. Having forced plaintiff to bring the motion,
plaintiff ought not be deprived of an appropriate order. It could well be that the supplemental
responses satisfy that order, in which case no more is needed. But if not, then the defense must either
provide additional responses consistent with the order or face another motion
to compel further, but this time one that might seek non-monetary sanctions.
Here, as to the RFP, the issue is RFP 61. It seeks native files of the photographs that
had been produced along with any metadata.
The response was a series of objections, including privilege and work
product, as well as the improper incorporation of general objections. It then stated that, subject to and without
waiving all of those objections, that it would comply “in part” by producing
the documents in its possession, custody, or control that it could locate. That is not a compliant response. First of all, the objections are frivolous
and in bad faith. They are
stricken. Second, if defendant does not
agree to produce all documents called for, it must also set forth the information
required in CCP section 2031.230—explaining that some documents are not being
produced even though they are sought because they were lost or destroyed or
they are in the possession of a third party (and some other information). Or, if the reason is to be found in the
objections, then the defense must make it clear where it is drawing the
line. The motion is therefore GRANTED as
to the RFP. Defendant will submit a
further verified response without objection within 15 days of this order. If any additional documents must be produced,
they must be produced at the same time.
The court does not believe that there is any privilege as to this
request, and if there were, it has been waived.
Turning to the SI motion, the objections are, again,
improper. There is no authority in the
CCP for “General Objections.” They are
stricken. As to the substantive
responses, the ones at issue (SI 35 and 37) are evasive. The request is to identify those who
performed work on the premises for a five year period. The responses state that the request is vague
and ambiguous regarding the word “INCIDENT” (which was a defined term). It also objects that the discovery is not
calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence, is overbroad, and
unduly burdensome. Those boilerplate
objections are plainly made in bad faith and they are stricken. For future reference, defendant would be well
advised to have the objections be considered before made rather than cut and
pasted from the form book. Then, subject
to and without waiving the objections, defendant names one employee, which is
plainly not all that is requested.
Defendant is ordered to provide verified responses without objection
within 15 days. The response must be
complete. Plaintiff is not seeking only
the name of the person who hung the towel ring (which is all defendant
provided). SI 37 has similar problems. It seeks the identification of all those who
were injured on the premises for the past 5 years. Similar objections were made with the
response that there was an injury in 2019 that is not relevant. That said, and with regard to this aspect of
the motion only, the court is open to a discussion about providing details of
any injuries without identifying the name of the injured party and also
information as to the employees without personal contact information that would
be sufficient for plaintiff to determine if contact information is needed or
not. The parties can then meet and
confer as to contact information, although the defense should recognize that it
is not coming from a position of strength here.
The injured parties and employees have some rights as well, and if those
people are not, and cannot reasonably be, witnesses to the case, their privacy
rights might take precedence over plaintiff’s discovery request.
Frankly, and for future note, had the defense’s responses
been more carefully thought out, the court might have agreed with much of what
they say. And had defendant timely
provided supplemental responses rather than assert that its responses are
compliant and then simply elect for itself what and when it will provide some
information, the court might have had more sympathy. There is a point to the notion that not all
injuries over the last 5 years are calculated to lead to the discovery of
admissible evidence, and a meaningful meet and confer likely would have limited
the scope of the interrogatory. But such
is not the case. Instead, the defense
has, for purposes of legal effect, elected to stand on its answers and go all
or nothing. However, the court does
note, and appreciate, that no one is seeking sanctions. Discovery sanctions have their rightful place
and they serve a salutary purpose. But
they are sometimes overused when there is a good faith dispute and they tend to
raise the temperature of the litigation in a way that can be unhelpful.
For the parties’ future aid, the court sets forth its
discovery guidelines.
DISCOVERY RELATED GUIDELINES FOR DEPARTMENT I
The guidelines below are not “rules” and they are not
universally applicable in all cases.
Rather, they are guidelines as to the court’s general views. Each case, of course, will be decided on its
own facts and circumstances, and some of the guidelines below may not apply to
particular circumstances. That said, the
court does take these views seriously.
Discovery Responses
The court provides the following guidance concerning its
general views on some common issues regarding responses to written
objections. The court has noticed that
many attorneys view objections and the manner of making them in a way different
than does the court. To avoid these
common pitfalls, the court offers the following in addition to the provisions
of the Litigation Guidelines appended to the Los Angeles County Superior Court
Local Rules.
First, “General Objections” are not permitted. The Code of Civil Procedure does not provide
for them, and therefore they are disregarded by the Court. Any response that “incorporates” the “General
Objections” is improper by definition.
Second, the
court often views boilerplate objections as being in bad faith. A bad faith response is no response at all in
the court’s view. Therefore, making
boilerplate objections does not preserve those objections nor does it
constitute a good faith response to written discovery. A bad faith response is viewed by the court
for what it is: bad faith. The
objections will be stricken and deemed waived.
In the context of a Request for Admission, such objections may lead to a
finding that the request is deemed admitted, although that will depend on the
facts of the particular case and the specific discovery at hand.
Objections should be tailored to each specific request. If a request truly is overbroad, then an
objection to that effect is proper. But
such an objection is best accompanied by some reasonable limitation by the
responding party that will narrow the request appropriately and (as narrowed)
provide a substantive response rather than a mere statement that the request is
overbroad. The same is true as to an
objection that a request is unduly burdensome.
The court also notes that the party asserting that a request is unduly
burdensome has the obligation at some point to provide an evidentiary basis for
the objection, including evidence as to what the burden of compliance would
be. (West Pico Furniture Co. v.
Superior Court (1961) 56 Cal.2d 407.)
Often such an objection will include a statement by the responding party
as to a narrower request that would not be unduly burdensome and provide
substantive responses as so limited.
Objections that a request is “vague and ambiguous” should set forth the
vague and ambiguous term as well as the responding party’s reasonable
interpretation of that term as well as a statement that, so interpreted, the
response will provide the discovery requested.
If there is no reasonable interpretation possible (which is a rare
situation), then the responding party should so state. Objections as to privilege must set forth the
basis explaining why the information sought is in fact privileged. Where a privilege is asserted in the context
of a document request, a privilege log should accompany the answer or be
provided within a short and reasonable time after the answer, and the log will
serve as the explanation. Where the
objection is made in the context of an interrogatory, it must be clear from the
objection the scope of the information being withheld. If there is no log, there should be no
privilege objection to a document request (meaning that a prophylactic
privilege objection is the equivalent of no objection; it preserves
nothing). There are some rare
exceptions, such as where the entire point of the discovery is to get allegedly
privileged information or where compliance would require a log that is in
essence an index of counsel’s file. In
that situation, the log is unnecessary, but the assertion should be made that
the request is in that rare context.
Third, if an objection is made to the discovery but a
response is being given, it must be clear whether information or documents are
in fact being withheld on the basis of the objections. If the objections are clear and done in the
manner set forth above, with statements in the objection as to a narrowing that
will make the request proper, this is usually a simple task. The objections themselves state the limit and
the response will be full and complete as limited. But where the objections are not so clear,
the response must clearly state whether any information or document is being
withheld on the basis of the objection and, if so, the extent of the
withholding. Accordingly, in those
situations, phrases like “Notwithstanding and subject to the foregoing
objections, responding party states as follows” are generally improper. Those sorts of phrases make the verification
useless, as the verifier can always fall back on the ”objections” as the reason
why a document was not produced or information was not disclosed. On the other hand, where the line of
demarcation is clear, the verification will still serve its purpose.
Fourth, for document requests, the substantive
response must conform to the Code of Civil Procedure. There are relatively tight rules as to what
the response must say, and the response must say it. For example, where a responding party is not
producing documents because they are not in the party’s possession, custody, or
control, the responding party must verify that a diligent search has been made
and must further provide the information set forth in the Code of Civil
Procedure section 2031.230 in such cases.
In the case of interrogatories, the responses must also conform to the
Code of Civil Procedure and must be made after diligent inquiry. It is not proper to refuse to respond because
the responding party has no personal knowledge.
If the knowledge is hearsay, it must still be disclosed, although it can
be qualified to make it clear that it is not based on the verifier’s personal
knowledge.
Fifth, the court frowns on responses that do not
conform to the foregoing rules being served with the view that the responses
will moot themselves out in the meet and confer process. That is not how the process works. A good faith response is required before the
meet and confer process begins. The meet
and confer process will (hopefully) bridge the gaps between the parties’
respective positions. Further, where a
response to a request for documents is made and documents are to be produced
subject to certain objections (with the documents withheld properly
delineated), the documents should be turned over irrespective of the meet and
confer. The documents are to be produced
with alacrity to the extent that there is no objection to them, but the court
recognizes that there is often a lag between the date responses are served and
the date that the documents are produced.
What this means is that the response to a discovery request
is not a trivial undertaking. Nabbing
the response from the form file is a generally bad idea and can lead to all
objections being waived. The point is
that the boilerplate often renders the remainder of the response useless. The only exception is where it is clear that
the substantive response is not in any way limited by the objections. In that case, the objections do no harm,
although they also do no good.
The Code of Civil
Procedure requires that before a motion to compel further responses or a motion
for a protective order is filed, the parties engage in a good faith attempt to
resolve their differences. They are to
“meet and confer” for that purpose. Only
if that effort fails can a motion be brought.
Sadly, many
litigants view the meet and confer process as just another procedural hoop
through which they must jump in order to bring the motion, similar to the need
to include an actual demurrer with the demurrer papers. The Code of Civil Procedure requires it, so
they do it, but no one’s heart is really in it.
That is not sufficient.
Given that, the
court believes it appropriate to set forth how the court views the meet and
confer requirement. Failure to abide by
the guidelines below may well justify denial of the motion or a continuance of
it to allow the process to take place.
If one party but not the other refuses to participate as set forth, more
likely than not the party refusing to participate will find itself on the
losing end of the motion. The following
quotation fairly sums up the court’s own view.
“[W]e feel compelled
to observe that resort to the courts easily could have been avoided here
had both parties actually taken to heart Justice Stone's
admonitions in Townsend that ‘the statute requires that there
be a serious effort at negotiation and informal resolution.’ (Townsend,
supra, 61 Cal.App.4th at p. 1438.)
Perhaps after 11 years it is necessary to remind trial counsel and the
bar once again that ‘[a]rgument is not the
same as informal negotiation’ (id at p. 1437); that attempting
informal resolution means more than the mere attempt by the discovery proponent
‘to persuade the objector of the error of his ways’ (id. at p.
1435); and that ‘a reasonable and good faith attempt at informal resolution
entails something more than bickering with [opposing] counsel. . . . Rather, the law requires that counsel attempt
to talk the matter over, compare their views, consult, and deliberate.’ (Id. at
p. 1439.)” (Clement v. Alegre (2009)
177 Cal.App.4th 1277, 1294, emphasis in original, parallel citations omitted.)
In practical terms, it means as
follows. It is entirely appropriate to
begin the process with a letter or other correspondence. The letter should not include a demand in the
form of an ultimatum, but it can certainly include the relief that is being
sought with an invitation to meet and confer.
It is also entirely appropriate for the other party to respond with a
letter or other correspondence to set forth its position on the issues. Such an initial exchange can often be helpful
to narrow the dispute or at least articulate plainly the boundaries. Whether further exchanges make sense will
depend on each case and each dispute.
However, at some point before impasse is
reached the process must generally include an actual “meet.” The letters might well suffice to “confer,”
but an exchange of correspondence is not a meeting. In the COVID-19 era, the “meeting” can be
virtual or telephonic, but a meeting there should be. The meeting must be attended by a person from
each side with the authority to agree to the other side’s position without
getting further permission from anyone, including the client. If only the client can give the needed
authority, then the client must be available instantaneously at all times
during the meeting. This does not mean
that one side or the other must concede, but it does mean that the people
meeting have the ability in real and practical terms to strike a deal.
The parties should approach the meet and
confer process as a problem-solving exercise.
The purpose of the meet and confer is not to convince the other side of
the bankruptcy of its position; rather the purpose is to reach an agreement by
which the party seeking discovery is able to obtain the information that it
reasonably needs and the party providing discovery is not put to an undue
burden or forced to provide unnecessary information that might infringe on a
privacy interest or disclose a competitive trade secret or the like.
At the conclusion of the meet and confer,
the parties should have an agreed statement as to the outcome. If the outcome is a total impasse, then they
should agree on that. If they have
resolved some or all of their differences, then they should state—in
writing—what that agreement is so that there will be no confusion later. Often, an agreement will be without prejudice
to a further request by the propounding party for more information after that
party receives the further responses.
If a motion is still required, the
declaration in support should describe with some detail the meet and confer
process. While the court is not
interested in the back and forth (and indeed describing it can be counter-productive),
the court is interested in when the meeting took place, who was there, and how
long it lasted.
All communications—in writing or oral—must
be civil, polite, and professional.
Name-calling and accusations are devices that undermine the process;
they do not further it. A party engaging
in such activity generally is not acting in a good faith effort to reach an
agreement.
Informal Discovery Conferences
The court generally prefers an Informal Discovery Conference
(IDC) before any party files a motion to compel further responses, and the
failure to use this avenue of resolution can greatly affect the amount of
sanctions that might be awarded because sanctions are limited to fees that are
reasonable and necessary. The goal of
the IDC is to “get to yes.” To achieve
that goal, the court adopts the following.