Judge: Mark H. Epstein, Case: 24STCV16180, Date: 2025-04-04 Tentative Ruling
Case Number: 24STCV16180 Hearing Date: April 4, 2025 Dept: I
The motions to compel are MOOT. Sanctions are awarded in the amount of $1440
against plaintiff, but not counsel.
This is a PI case. Defendant
moved to compel responses to three discovery demands. Plaintiff failed to verify the responses,
thereby making the responses untimely.
Defendant says that as a result, all objections are waived. Plaintiff contends that the motions are moot
because the failure to provide verifications was an oversight since
rectified. Further, plaintiff notes that
the various meet and confer letters did not even mention this issue, but rather
were focused on the actual responses.
The court has reviewed the letters and plaintiff’s recitation appears to
be accurate. Verification were served
the day after the motions were filed.
Further, supplemental responses without objection were served on March
18—the day before the opposition was due.
The court agrees with the defense that the original
responses were in bad faith due to the boilerplate objections, which remained
in the responses after the verifications were served and until just before the
opposition. Defendant suggests that the
meet and confer would have been a waste of time because plaintiff ignored
earlier attempts to meet and confer.
No one has covered themselves in glory here. The original responses had improper
boilerplate objections and lacked any verifications. But the court does not know why defendant did
not pick up the phone and ask that verifications be sent forthwith. It does seem like that is an oversight, and
professional courtesy should have eliminated the issue. Nor would the court hold plaintiff to a
waiver of objections to that extent. As
to the meet and conver, throwing letters over the wall is not what the court has
in mind for a meet and confer. And the
court is disheartened by the fact that no substantive supplemental responses
were served until after the motion was filed.
The court will award $1440 in total sanctions against
plaintiff, but not counsel, payable within 30 days. The reduction is due to the poor meet and
confer effort, but the fact that there is an award is due to the bad faith
objections that were not taken out until after the motion was filed.
For the parties’ aid, the court appends its discovery
guidelines. The court also urges the
parties not to press the sanctions issue in this motion. Because no one really did it right, little or
no good is likely to come from argument on this point for what is sort of a
trivial sum.
DISCOVERY RELATED GUIDELINES FOR DEPARTMENT I
The guidelines below are not “rules” and they are not
universally applicable in all cases.
Rather, they are guidelines as to the court’s general views. Each case, of course, will be decided on its
own facts and circumstances, and some of the guidelines below may not apply to
particular circumstances. That said, the
court does take these views seriously.
Discovery Responses
The court provides the following guidance concerning its
general views on some common issues regarding responses to written
objections. The court has noticed that
many attorneys view objections and the manner of making them in a way different
than does the court. To avoid these
common pitfalls, the court offers the following in addition to the provisions
of the Litigation Guidelines appended to the Los Angeles County Superior Court
Local Rules.
First, “General Objections” are not permitted. The Code of Civil Procedure does not provide
for them, and therefore they are disregarded by the Court. Any response that “incorporates” the “General
Objections” is improper by definition.
Second, the
court often views boilerplate objections as being in bad faith. A bad faith response is no response at all in
the court’s view. Therefore, making
boilerplate objections does not preserve those objections nor does it
constitute a good faith response to written discovery. A bad faith response is viewed by the court
for what it is: bad faith. The
objections will be stricken and deemed waived.
In the context of a Request for Admission, such objections may lead to a
finding that the request is deemed admitted, although that will depend on the
facts of the particular case and the specific discovery at hand.
Objections should be tailored to each specific request. If a request truly is overbroad, then an
objection to that effect is proper. But
such an objection is best accompanied by some reasonable limitation by the
responding party that will narrow the request appropriately and (as narrowed)
provide a substantive response rather than a mere statement that the request is
overbroad. The same is true as to an
objection that a request is unduly burdensome.
The court also notes that the party asserting that a request is unduly
burdensome has the obligation at some point to provide an evidentiary basis for
the objection, including evidence as to what the burden of compliance would
be. (West Pico Furniture Co. v.
Superior Court (1961) 56 Cal.2d 407.)
Often such an objection will include a statement by the responding party
as to a narrower request that would not be unduly burdensome and provide
substantive responses as so limited.
Objections that a request is “vague and ambiguous” should set forth the
vague and ambiguous term as well as the responding party’s reasonable
interpretation of that term as well as a statement that, so interpreted, the
response will provide the discovery requested.
If there is no reasonable interpretation possible (which is a rare
situation), then the responding party should so state. Objections as to privilege must set forth the
basis explaining why the information sought is in fact privileged. Where a privilege is asserted in the context
of a document request, a privilege log should accompany the answer or be
provided within a short and reasonable time after the answer, and the log will
serve as the explanation. Where the
objection is made in the context of an interrogatory, it must be clear from the
objection the scope of the information being withheld. If there is no log, there should be no
privilege objection to a document request (meaning that a prophylactic
privilege objection is the equivalent of no objection; it preserves
nothing). There are some rare
exceptions, such as where the entire point of the discovery is to get allegedly
privileged information or where compliance would require a log that is in
essence an index of counsel’s file. In
that situation, the log is unnecessary, but the assertion should be made that
the request is in that rare context.
Third, if an objection is made to the discovery but a
response is being given, it must be clear whether information or documents are
in fact being withheld on the basis of the objections. If the objections are clear and done in the
manner set forth above, with statements in the objection as to a narrowing that
will make the request proper, this is usually a simple task. The objections themselves state the limit and
the response will be full and complete as limited. But where the objections are not so clear,
the response must clearly state whether any information or document is being
withheld on the basis of the objection and, if so, the extent of the
withholding. Accordingly, in those
situations, phrases like “Notwithstanding and subject to the foregoing
objections, responding party states as follows” are generally improper. Those sorts of phrases make the verification
useless, as the verifier can always fall back on the ”objections” as the reason
why a document was not produced or information was not disclosed. On the other hand, where the line of
demarcation is clear, the verification will still serve its purpose.
Fourth, for document requests, the substantive
response must conform to the Code of Civil Procedure. There are relatively tight rules as to what
the response must say, and the response must say it. For example, where a responding party is not
producing documents because they are not in the party’s possession, custody, or
control, the responding party must verify that a diligent search has been made
and must further provide the information set forth in the Code of Civil
Procedure section 2031.230 in such cases.
In the case of interrogatories, the responses must also conform to the
Code of Civil Procedure and must be made after diligent inquiry. It is not proper to refuse to respond because
the responding party has no personal knowledge.
If the knowledge is hearsay, it must still be disclosed, although it can
be qualified to make it clear that it is not based on the verifier’s personal
knowledge.
Fifth, the court frowns on responses that do not
conform to the foregoing rules being served with the view that the responses
will moot themselves out in the meet and confer process. That is not how the process works. A good faith response is required before the
meet and confer process begins. The meet
and confer process will (hopefully) bridge the gaps between the parties’
respective positions. Further, where a
response to a request for documents is made and documents are to be produced
subject to certain objections (with the documents withheld properly
delineated), the documents should be turned over irrespective of the meet and
confer. The documents are to be produced
with alacrity to the extent that there is no objection to them, but the court
recognizes that there is often a lag between the date responses are served and
the date that the documents are produced.
What this means is that the response to a discovery request
is not a trivial undertaking. Nabbing
the response from the form file is a generally bad idea and can lead to all
objections being waived. The point is
that the boilerplate often renders the remainder of the response useless. The only exception is where it is clear that
the substantive response is not in any way limited by the objections. In that case, the objections do no harm,
although they also do no good.
The Code of Civil
Procedure requires that before a motion to compel further responses or a motion
for a protective order is filed, the parties engage in a good faith attempt to
resolve their differences. They are to
“meet and confer” for that purpose. Only
if that effort fails can a motion be brought.
Sadly, many
litigants view the meet and confer process as just another procedural hoop
through which they must jump in order to bring the motion, similar to the need
to include an actual demurrer with the demurrer papers. The Code of Civil Procedure requires it, so
they do it, but no one’s heart is really in it.
That is not sufficient.
Given that, the
court believes it appropriate to set forth how the court views the meet and
confer requirement. Failure to abide by
the guidelines below may well justify denial of the motion or a continuance of
it to allow the process to take place.
If one party but not the other refuses to participate as set forth, more
likely than not the party refusing to participate will find itself on the
losing end of the motion. The following
quotation fairly sums up the court’s own view.
“[W]e feel compelled
to observe that resort to the courts easily could have been avoided here
had both parties actually taken to heart Justice Stone's
admonitions in Townsend that ‘the statute requires that there
be a serious effort at negotiation and informal resolution.’ (Townsend,
supra, 61 Cal.App.4th at p. 1438.)
Perhaps after 11 years it is necessary to remind trial counsel and the
bar once again that ‘[a]rgument is not the same as informal negotiation’ (id at
p. 1437); that attempting informal resolution means more than the mere attempt
by the discovery proponent ‘to persuade the objector of the error of his ways’
(id. at p. 1435); and that ‘a reasonable and good faith attempt at
informal resolution entails something more than bickering with [opposing]
counsel. . . . Rather, the law requires
that counsel attempt to talk the matter over, compare their views, consult, and
deliberate.’ (Id. at p. 1439.)”
(Clement v. Alegre (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 1277, 1294,
emphasis in original, parallel citations omitted.)
In practical terms,
it means as follows. It is entirely
appropriate to begin the process with a letter or other correspondence. The letter should not include a demand in the
form of an ultimatum, but it can certainly include the relief that is being
sought with an invitation to meet and confer.
It is also entirely appropriate for the other party to respond with a
letter or other correspondence to set forth its position on the issues. Such an initial exchange can often be helpful
to narrow the dispute or at least articulate plainly the boundaries. Whether further exchanges make sense will
depend on each case and each dispute.
However, at some
point before impasse is reached the process must generally include an actual
“meet.” The letters might well suffice
to “confer,” but an exchange of correspondence is not a meeting. In the COVID-19 era, the “meeting” can be
virtual or telephonic, but a meeting there should be. The meeting must be attended by a person from
each side with the authority to agree to the other side’s position without
getting further permission from anyone, including the client. If only the client can give the needed
authority, then the client must be available instantaneously at all times
during the meeting. This does not mean
that one side or the other must concede, but it does mean that the people
meeting have the ability in real and practical terms to strike a deal.
The parties should
approach the meet and confer process as a problem-solving exercise. The purpose of the meet and confer is not to
convince the other side of the bankruptcy of its position; rather the purpose
is to reach an agreement by which the party seeking discovery is able to obtain
the information that it reasonably needs and the party providing discovery is
not put to an undue burden or forced to provide unnecessary information that
might infringe on a privacy interest or disclose a competitive trade secret or
the like.
At the conclusion of
the meet and confer, the parties should have an agreed statement as to the
outcome. If the outcome is a total
impasse, then they should agree on that.
If they have resolved some or all of their differences, then they should
state—in writing—what that agreement is so that there will be no confusion
later. Often, an agreement will be
without prejudice to a further request by the propounding party for more
information after that party receives the further responses.
If a motion is still
required, the declaration in support should describe with some detail the meet
and confer process. While the court is
not interested in the back and forth (and indeed describing it can be counter-productive),
the court is interested in when the meeting took place, who was there, and how
long it lasted.
All
communications—in writing or oral—must be civil, polite, and professional. Name-calling and accusations are devices that
undermine the process; they do not further it.
A party engaging in such activity generally is not acting in a good
faith effort to reach an agreement.
Informal Discovery Conferences
The court generally prefers an Informal Discovery Conference
(IDC) before any party files a motion to compel further responses, and the
failure to use this avenue of resolution can greatly affect the amount of
sanctions that might be awarded because sanctions are limited to fees that are
reasonable and necessary. The goal of
the IDC is to “get to yes.” To achieve
that goal, the court adopts the following.